/
Technical breakdown of Arbitrum Nitro's WASM-based fraud proofs, sequencer design, and the differences from the original AVM.
Read the full guide
This guide is hosted externally. Click below to read the complete article.
Open guide ↗Written by Offchain Labs
Layer 2 Scaling: Rollups, Fraud Proofs, ZK Proofs and the Sequencer Problem
Understand exactly where each major rollup sits on the decentralisation spectrum and why the proof type matters less than the full security stack. After reading, you'll evaluate L2 trust assumptions more precisely than most protocol teams.
How STARK Proofs Actually Work and Why StarkNet Uses Them Instead of SNARKs
Explains the cryptographic mechanics behind STARK proofs and how StarkNet uses them to batch thousands of transactions into a single Ethereum proof. Covers what happens on-chain, what doesn't, and where the trust assumptions actually sit.
The Modular Blockchain Thesis: Why Splitting One Chain Into Layers Changes Everything
Explains why blockchains are being broken into specialised layers instead of doing everything on one chain. Covers the four core functions, how modular designs work, and what this means for users.
Layer 2 Token Bridges: Mechanism Design, Trust Assumptions, and Where They Actually Break
How L2 bridges move value across trust boundaries, what each design concedes, and the specific failure modes that have cost billions. Written for readers who want the engineering trade-offs, not the marketing.